Biological & Agricultural Engineering Courses
The Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering offers the following courses listed under three subject codes: ABT, EBS, and TAE. The UC Davis General Catalog maintains the most up-to-date course information. The courses listed here are for informational purposes only.
Applied Biological Systems Technology (ABT) Courses
- ABT 015 — Wood Properties & Fabrication (2 units)
- Course Description: Study of wood properties and techniques for fabrication with wood. Gain experience working with various woods and woodworking tools for specific applications.
- ABT 016 — Metal Properties & Fabrication (2 units)
- Course Description: Study of metal properties and of techniques for fabricating in metal. Physical principles, design considerations, effects of techniques on quality and appearance, and evaluation procedures. Experience in working with metal.
- ABT 017 — Plastic Properties & Fabrication (2 units)
- Course Description: Study of the properties of plastic materials and the fundamentals of fabrication techniques. Experience in working with common plastics, with applications to biological systems.
- ABT 049 — Field Equipment Operation (2 units)
- Course Description: Operation, adjustment, and troubleshooting of farm tractors and field equipment. Principles of operation, equipment terminology and uses of tilling, cultivating, thinning, and planting equipment. Typical sequences in cropping practices.
- ABT 052 — Field Equipment Welding (2 units)
- Course Description: Intermediate welding to include hardfacing and inert gas welding. Class projects on repair and fabrication by welding. Troubleshooting and major repair of field equipment. Prerequisite(s): ABT 016; or consent of instructor.
- ABT 060 — Introduction to Unmanned Aerial Systems for Agriculture & Environmental Science (4 units)
- Course Description: Operation, use and impact of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) for applications in agriculture and environmental assessment. Principles of unmanned flight, vehicle systems, safety, and airspace regulations for communicating spatial relationships. UAS sensors, data acquisition, management, processing, visualization and analysis. Ethics and professional responsibilities in operations and public communication, and potential impacts for agricultural and environmental policy.
- ABT 098 — Directed Group Study (1-5 units)
- Starting Winter Quarter 2024, this course is no longer offered. Course Description: Directed group study. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- ABT 099 — Special Study for Lower Division Students (1-5 units)
- Starting Winter Quarter 2024, this course is no longer offered. Course Description: Special study for lower division students. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- ABT 101 — Engine Technology (3 units)
- Course Description: Principles of 2-stroke cycle, 4-stroke cycle gasoline and 4-stroke cycle diesel engine construction and operation. Engine systems, performance, troubleshooting, and overhaul. Prerequisite(s): Upper division standing or consent of instructor.
- ABT 110 — Irrigation Systems & Water Management (4 units)
- Course Description: Soil and plant aspects of irrigation and drainage. Soil-water principles including water storage and movement, plant response to irrigation, water use by crops, irrigation systems (i.e., micro-irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and surface irrigation), and related salinity and water quality impacts. Prerequisite(s): PHY 007A; SSC 100 recommended.
- ABT 110L — Experiments in Food Engineering (2 units)
- Course Description: Use of temperature sensors; measurement of thermal conductivity and heat transfer in foods; refrigeration, freezing, concentration and dehydration of foods. Prerequisite(s): FST 110B (can be concurrent).
- ABT 121 — Animal Housing & Environment Management (2 units)
- Course Description: Optimal structures and environments for animal growth and comfort; heat and moisture transfer principles; heating, cooling, ventilating principles and equipment; animal housing design; environmental regulations and waste management practices. Prerequisite(s): ANS 001 or ANS 002.
- ABT 142 — Equipment & Technology for Small Farms (2 units)
- Course Description: Types and characteristics of agricultural equipment and technologies appropriate for small commercial farming. Adjustment and calibration of equipment. Selection of and budgeting for equipment.
- ABT 150 — Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (4 units)
- Course Description: Basic concepts, principles, and methods of GIS are presented. Data structures, database design, GIS data creation, GPS, and spatial analysis. May be taught abroad.
- ABT 161 — Water Quality Management for Aquaculture (3 units)
- Course Description: Basic principles of water chemistry and water treatment processes as they relate to aquacultural systems. Prerequisite(s): BIS 001B; MAT 016B; CHE 002B.
- ABT 163 — Aquaculture Systems Engineering (3 units)
- Course Description: Design of aquacultural systems: design methodology, principles of fluid mechanics, site selection and facility planning, management operations, computer modeling. Prerequisite(s): ABT 161.
- ABT 165 — Irrigation Practices for an Urban Environment (3 units)
- Course Description: Basic design, installation, and operation principles of irrigation systems for turf and landscape: golf courses, parks, highways, public buildings, etc. Emphasis on hardware association with sprinkler and drip/trickle systems. Prerequisite(s): PHY 001A.
- ABT 181N — Concepts & Methods in Geographic Information Systems (4 units)
- Course Description: Data representation and analysis in geographic information systems (GIS). Creation of spatial data sets from analog and digital sources such as aerial photography and maps; data structures, data management, database design, georeferencing, georectification, surface models, analysis, and spatial data visualization. Prerequisite(s): LDA 150 or ABT 150; or consent of instructor.
- ABT 182 — Environmental Analysis Using GIS (4 units)
- Course Description: Ecosystem and landscape modeling with emphasis on hydrology and solute transport. Spatial analysis of environmental risk analysis including ecological risk assessment, natural resource management. Spatial database structures, scripting, data models, and error analysis in GIS. Prerequisite(s): ABT 150 or LDA 150; or equivalent GIS experience and skills; general biology and/or ecology courses recommended.
- ABT 190C — Research Conference for Advanced Undergraduates (1 unit)
- Course Description: Research conferences for specialized study in applied biological systems technology. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- ABT 192 — Internship in Applied Biological Systems Technology (1-5 units)
- Course Description: Supervised internship in applied biological systems technology. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor; upper division standing; approval of project prior to period of internship.
- ABT 197T — Tutoring in Applied Biological Systems Technology (1-5 units)
- Course Description: Tutoring individual students, leading small voluntary discussion groups, or assisting the instructor in laboratories affiliated with one of the department's regular courses. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor; upper division standing.
- ABT 198 — Directed Group Study (1-5 units)
- Starting Winter Quarter 2024, this course is no longer offered. Course Description: Directed group study. May be taught abroad. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- ABT 199 — Special Study for Advanced Undergraduates (1-5 units)
- Starting Winter Quarter 2024, this course is no longer offered. Course Description: Special study for advanced undergraduates.Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- ABT 212 — Path to Zero Net Energy (4 units)
- Course Description: Zero Net Energy concepts and social, technical, economic, and environmental considerations. Multidisciplinary research and analysis for clients. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- ABT 233 — Pest Control Practices (3 units)
- Course Description: Practical and theoretical considerations of pest control systems and techniques. Design, selection, and use of mechanical systems for field, orchard, greenhouse, and vector control use. Biological, legal, and environmental considerations in pest control and pesticide application. Prerequisite(s): Graduate standing or consent of instructor.
- ABT 289A — Selected Topic in Applied Biological Systems Technology: Agricultural & Natural Resources (1-5 units)
- Course Description: Special topic. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- ABT 289B — Selected Topics in Applied Biological Systems Technology: Biotechnology (1-5 units)
- Course Description: Special topic. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- ABT 289C — Selected Topics in Applied Biological Systems Technology: Food Technology (1-5 units)
- Course Description: Special topic. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- ABT 290C — Graduate Research Conference (1 unit)
- Course Description: Research problems, progress, and techniques in applied biological systems technology. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- ABT 298 — Group Study (1-5 units)
- Course Description: Group study. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- ABT 299 — Research (1-12 units)
- Course Description: Research. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- ABT 317 — Teaching Agricultural Mechanics (2 units)
- Course Description: Preparation of the teacher to plan, organize, and conduct an agricultural mechanics program in secondary schools. Development of and presentation of lesson plans and teaching aids. Review of subject matter in metal fabrication, power and machinery and agricultural structures areas. Prerequisite(s): A course in physics; 6 units related to agricultural mechanics; enrolled in Agricultural Education Teacher Credential Program.
Agricultural & Environmental Technology (TAE) Courses:
- TAE 010 — Introduction to Agricultural & Environmental Technologies (3 units)
- Course Description: Technologies of agriculture and the environmental sciences. History & revolution of industrial technology and its impacts on agriculture, environment, energy, and bioproducts; types of sensing technologies; communication and information transfer technologies; artificial intelligence, technologies for control of automatic processes; technologies for the production of food, bioproducts, clean energy and water purification; gene-editing technology; wearable technologies.
- TAE 014 — Introduction to Wearable Materials & Bioproducts (4 units)
- Course Description: Technical terminologies describing chemical structures and properties of polymers, biopolymers, fibers and fabrics. Introduction to manufacturing processes, colorations, coating, printing, and basic performances of fibers and fabrics, and properties for functional wearable products. Prerequisite(s): CHE 002B; or consent of instructor.
- TAE 020 — Sustainable Energy Technologies (4 units)
- Course Description: Sustainable and efficient energy technologies and their application in agriculture and other sectors. Basic principles of energy efficiency, conservation, and conversion technologies using solar, wind, water, biomass, geothermal, and other renewable sources. Environmental impacts and energy policy. Experiential learning about solar drying, controlled environment agriculture, net-zero energy building, electricity generation, energy storage, biofuels, and integrated waste management; field visits.
- TAE 030 — Mobile Communication & Computing Technologies for Agriculture & the Environment (4 units)
- Course Description: Modern computer technologies and the applications of sensing technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and the environment. IoT and embedded devices; history and evolution of IoT, communication, and computing technologies; sensors and actuators; microcontrollers; data communication technology; introduction to data analysis and data visualization; designing web applications; and hands‐on IoT-based projects.
- TAE 098 — Directed Group Study (1-5 units)
- Course Description: Directed group study. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- TAE 099 — Special Study for Lower Division Students (1-5 units)
- Course Description: Special study for lower division students. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- TAE 100 — Smart Control Systems for Agricultural & Environmental Technologies (4 units)
- Course Description: Smart devices that communicate, sense their environment, and control their environment. Application examples include smart plant & animal care, and irrigation & fertigation. Technologies include Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) for applications in agricultural, environmental, and food sciences. Prerequisite(s): Upper division standing; TAE 030 recommended.
- TAE 121 — Controlled Environments for Plants & Animals (4 units)
- Course Description: Principles of environmental control (temperature, humidity, lighting, CO2, air circulation, air quality) for plants and animals. Psychrometrics and applications. Energy-efficient building envelopes for greenhouses, vertical farmings, and animal barns. Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, lighting and CO2 enrichment systems, growing substrates, and irrigation systems. Control systems (sensors and sensing for automated control). Visiting controlled environment facilities. Prerequisite(s): Upper division standing in Agricultural Environmental Technology; or consent of instructor.
- TAE 198 — Directed Group Study (1-5 units)
- Course Description: Directed group study. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
- TAE 199 — Special Study for Upper Division Students (1-5 units)
- Course Description: Special study for advanced undergraduates. Prerequisite(s): Consent of instructor.
Biological Systems Engineering (EBS) Courses:
- EBS 001—Foundations of Biological Systems Engineering (4)
- Lecture—2 hour(s); Laboratory—6 hour(s); Project (Term Project). Open only to students in Biological Systems Engineering. Introduction to engineering and the engineering design process with examples drawn from the field of biological systems engineering. Introduction to computer-aided design and mechanical fabrication of designs. Students work on a quarter-long group design project. GE credit: OL, QL, SE, SL, VL. Effective: 2009 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 075—Properties of Materials in Biological Systems (4)
- Lecture—3 hour(s); Laboratory—3 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): BIS 002A; PHY 009C (can be concurrent). Properties of typical biological materials; composition and structure with emphasis on the effects of physical and biochemical properties on design of engineered systems; interactions of biological materials with typical engineering materials. GE credit: QL, SE, SL, VL, WE. Effective: 2016 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 090C—Research Group Conference in Biological Systems Engineering (1)
- Discussion—1 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Lower division standing in Biological Systems Engineering or Food Engineering. Research group conference. May be repeated for credit. (P/NP grading only.) GE credit: SE. Effective: 1997 Winter Quarter.
- EBS 092—Internship in Biological Systems Engineering (1-5)
- Internship. Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Lower division standing; project approval prior to period of internship. Supervised work experience in biological systems engineering. May be repeated for credit. (P/NP grading only.) GE credit: SE. Effective: 1997 Winter Quarter.
- EBS 098—Directed Group Study (1-5)
- Variable. Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Group study of selected topics; restricted to lower division students. (P/NP grading only.) GE credit: SE. Effective: 1997 Winter Quarter.
- EBS 099—Special Study for Lower Division Students (1-5)
- Variable. (P/NP grading only.) GE credit: SE. Effective: 1997 Winter Quarter.
- EBS 125—Heat Transfer in Biological Systems (4)
- Lecture—3 hour(s); Laboratory—3 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): EBS 075; ENG 105; BIS 002A; BIS 002B; BIS 002C. Fundamentals of heat transfer with application to biological systems. Steady and transient heat transfer. Analysis and simulation of heat conduction, convection and radiation. Heat transfer operations. GE credit: OL, QL, SE, VL, WE. Effective: 2009 Spring Quarter.
- EBS 127—Mass Transfer and Kinetics in Biological Systems (4)
- Lecture—3 hour(s); Laboratory—3 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): EBS 125. Fundamentals of mass transfer and kinetics in biological systems. Molecular diffusion and convection. Thermodynamics and bioenergetics. Biological and chemical rate equations. Heterogeneous kinetics. Batch and continuous reaction processes. Mass transfer operations. GE credit: QL, SE, VL, WE. Effective: 2009 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 128—Biomechanics and Ergonomics (4)
- Lecture—3 hour(s); Laboratory—3 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): STA 100; ENG 102. Limited enrollment. Anatomical, physiological, and biomechanical bases of physical ergonomics. Human motor capabilities, body mechanics, kinematics and anthropometry. Use of bioinstrumentation, industrial surveillance techniques and the NIOSH lifting guide. Cumulative trauma disorders. Static and dynamic biomechanical modeling. Emphasis on low back, shoulder and hand/wrist biomechanics. GE credit: QL, SE, SL, VL, WE. Effective: 2000 Spring Quarter.
- EBS 130—Modeling of Dynamic Processes in Biological Systems (4)
- Lecture—3 hour(s); Discussion—1 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): EBS 075; (ENG 006 or ECS 030); MAT 022B C- or better. Techniques for modeling processes through mass and energy balance, rate equations, and equations of state. Computer problem solution of models. Example models include package design, evaporation, respiration heating, thermal processing of foods, and plant growth. GE credit: QL, SE, SL, VL. Effective: 2011 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 135—Bioenvironmental Engineering (4)
- Lecture—3 hour(s); Laboratory—3 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): EBS 125; EBS 130. Biological responses to environmental conditions. Principles and engineering design of environmental control systems. Overview of environmental pollution problems and legal restrictions for biological systems, introduction of environmental quality assessment techniques, and environmental pollution control technologies. GE credit: QL, SE, SL, VL, WE. Effective: 1998 Spring Quarter.
- EBS 144—Groundwater Hydrology (4)
- Lecture—4 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): MAT 016B or MAT 021A; HYD 103 or ENG 103 recommended. Fundamentals of groundwater flow and contaminant hydrology. Occurrence, distribution, and movement of groundwater. Well-flow systems. Aquifer tests. Well construction operation and maintenance. Groundwater exploration and quality assessment. Agricultural threats to groundwater quality: fertilizers, pesticides, and salts. (Same course as HYD 144.) GE credit: QL, SE, SL, VL. Effective: 2003 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 145—Irrigation and Drainage Systems (4)
- Lecture—4 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): EBS 103 or HYD 103N. Engineering and scientific principles applied to the design of surface, sprinkle and micro irrigation systems and drainage systems within economic, biological, and environmental constraints. Interaction between irrigation and drainage. GE credit: QL, SE, SL, VL. Effective: 2016 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 147—Runoff, Erosion and Water Quality Management (3)
- Lecture/Lab—3 hour(s); Fieldwork. Prerequisite(s): (PHY 007B or PHY 009B); (MAT 016C or MAT 017C or MAT 021C); (ECI 142 or HYD 141 or ESM 100); or equivalent. Practical hydrology and runoff water quality management from disturbed watersheds. Development of hillslope and soils restoration concepts and practice, modeling and application. (Same course as HYD 147.) GE credit: SE. Effective: 2018 Spring Quarter.
- EBS 161—Kinetics and Bioreactor Design (4)
- Lecture—3 hour(s); Discussion—1 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): EBS 127. Provide the basic principles of reactor design for bioprocess applications. This course emphasizes the following topics: 1) kinetics and reactor engineering principles; 2) bio-reaction kinetics; and 3) bioreactor design. GE credit: QL, SE, VL. Effective: 2012 Spring Quarter.
- EBS 165—Bioinstrumentation and Control (4)
- Lecture—3 hour(s); Laboratory—3 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): ENG 100. Instrumentation and control for biological production systems. Measurement system concepts, instrumentation and transducers for sensing physical and biological parameters, data acquisition and control. GE credit: QL, SE, SL, VL, WE. Effective: 1998 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 170A—Engineering Design and Professional Responsibilities (3)
- Lecture—2 hour(s); Laboratory—3 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): EBS 001; ENG 102; ENG 104. Engineering design including professional responsibilities. Emphasis on project selection, data sources, specifications, human factors, biological materials, safety systems, and professionalism. Detailed design proposals will be developed for courses 170B and 170BL. GE credit: OL, QL, SE, SL, VL, WE. Effective: 1998 Spring Quarter.
- EBS 170B—Engineering Projects: Design (2)
- Discussion—2 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): EBS 170A; EBS 170BL (can be concurrent); EBS 170BL required concurrently. Individual or group projects involving the design of devices, structures, or systems to solve specific engineering problems in biological systems. Project for study is jointly selected by student and instructor. GE credit: OL, QL, SE, SL, VL, WE. Effective: 2006 Spring Quarter.
- EBS 170BL—Engineering Projects: Design Laboratory (1)
- Laboratory—3 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): EBS 170B (can be concurrent); EBS 170B required concurrently. Individual or group projects involving the design of devices, structures, or systems to solve specific engineering problems in biological systems. GE credit: OL, QL, SE, SL, VL, WE. Effective: 2006 Spring Quarter.
- EBS 170C—Engineering Projects: Design Evaluation (1)
- Discussion—1 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): EBS 170B; EBS 170CL (can be concurrent); EBS 170CL required concurrently. Individual or group projects involving the fabrication, assembly and testing of components, devices, structures, or systems designed to solve specific engineering problems in biological systems. Project for study previously selected by student and instructor in course 170B. GE credit: OL, QL, SE, SL, VL, WE. Effective: 1999 Winter Quarter.
- EBS 170CL—Engineering Projects: Design Evaluation (2)
- Laboratory—6 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): EBS 170C (can be concurrent); EBS 170C required concurrently. Individual or group projects involving the fabrication, assembly and testing of components, devices, structures, or systems designed to solve specific engineering problems in biological systems. GE credit: OL, QL, SE, SL, VL, WE. Effective: 1999 Winter Quarter.
- EBS 175—Rheology of Biological Materials (3)
- Lecture—3 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): EBS 103 or ENG 103. Fluid and solid rheology, viscoelastic behavior of foods and other biological materials, and application of rheological properties to food and biological systems (i.e., pipeline design, extrusion, mixing, coating). GE credit: QL, SE, VL. Effective: 2016 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 189A—Special Topics in Biological Systems Engineering; Agricultural Engineering (1-5)
- Variable—3-15 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Upper division standing in Engineering. Special topics in Agricultural Engineering. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. GE credit: SE. Effective: 1998 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 189B—Special Topics in Biological Systems Engineering; Aquacultural Engineering (1-5)
- Variable—3-15 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Upper division standing in Engineering. Special topics in Aquacultural Engineering. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. GE credit: SE. Effective: 1998 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 189C—Special Topics in Biological Systems Engineering; Biomedical Engineering (1-5)
- Variable—3-15 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Upper division standing in Engineering. Special topics in Biomedical Engineering. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. GE credit: SE. Effective: 1998 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 189D—Special Topics in Biological Systems Engineering; Biotechnical Engineering (1-5)
- Variable—3-15 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Upper division standing in Engineering. Special topics in Biotechnical Engineering. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. GE credit: SE. Effective: 1998 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 189E—Special Topics in Biological Systems Engineering; Ecological Systems Engineering (1-5)
- Variable—3-15 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Upper division standing in Engineering. Special topics in Ecological Systems Engineering. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. GE credit: SE. Effective: 1998 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 189F—Special Topics in Biological Systems Engineering; Food Engineering (1-5)
- Variable—3-15 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Upper division standing in Engineering. Special topics in Food Engineering. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. GE credit: SE. Effective: 1998 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 189G—Special Topics in Biological Systems Engineering; Forest Engineering (1-5)
- Variable—3-15 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Upper division standing in Engineering. Special topics in Forest Engineering. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. GE credit: SE. Effective: 1998 Fall Quarter.
- EBS 190C—Research Group Conference in Biological Systems Engineering (1)
- Discussion—1 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Upper division standing in Biological Systems Engineering of Food Engineering. Research group conference. May be repeated for credit. (P/NP grading only.) GE credit: SE. Effective: 1997 Winter Quarter.
- EBS 192—Internship in Biological Systems Engineering (1-5)
- Internship. Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Upper division standing; approval of project prior to period of internship. Supervised work experience in biological systems engineering. May be repeated for credit. (P/NP grading only.) GE credit: SE. Effective: 1997 Winter Quarter.
- EBS 197T—Tutoring in Biological Systems Engineering (1-5)
- Tutorial—3-15 hour(s). Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. Upper division standing. Tutoring individual students, leading small voluntary discussion groups, or assisting the instructor in laboratories affiliated with one of the department's regular courses. May be repeated for credit topic differs. (P/NP grading only.) GE credit: SE. Effective: 2004 Winter Quarter.
- EBS 198—Directed Group Study (1-5)
- Variable. Prerequisite(s): Consent of Instructor. (P/NP grading only.) GE credit: SE. Effective: 1997 Winter Quarter.
- EBS 199—Special Study for Advanced Undergraduates (1-5)
- Variable. (P/NP grading only.) GE credit: SE. Effective: 1997 Winter Quarter.